Lumbar Spine Disorders
Diagnosis, treatment and surgical procedures for herniated discs, spinal stenosis
Overview
The lumbar region consists of 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) and intervertebral discs.
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Lumbar Disc Herniation
Lumbar disc herniation occurs when the outer layer of the soft disc between vertebrae tears and the inner part protrudes, pressing on nerves. It most commonly occurs at L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels.
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis is pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots due to narrowing of the spinal canal. It usually occurs with aging.
Cervical Disc Herniation
Cervical disc herniation occurs when the disc between cervical vertebrae degenerates or protrudes due to trauma, pressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it. It can cause nerve compression.
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolisthesis is the condition where one vertebra slips forward over the one below it. It can cause nerve compression.
Spinal Fractures (Vertebral Fractures)
Spinal fractures (vertebral fractures) are breaks or collapse of the vertebral body resulting from trauma, osteoporosis, tumor, or infection. They most commonly occur in the lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest) regions. In elderly patients, bone loss (osteoporosis) can lead to compression fractures even from minimal trauma. In younger patients, high-energy trauma such as falls from height or motor vehicle accidents cause burst fractures or unstable fractures. Fracture types are classified as compression fractures (anterior wall collapse), burst fractures (complete vertebral fragmentation), and chance fractures (flexion-distraction injury). Stable fractures require conservative treatment, while unstable or neurologically damaging fractures require surgical stabilization. In osteoporotic fractures, vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty are minimally invasive treatment options. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment preserve mobility and prevent chronic pain.
Anatomy
The lumbar spine extends from L1 to L5, with discs between vertebrae.